Global Review up to the Present Day

Nationalism Unification France - united the French behind Napoleon Italy - Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini Germany - Bismark - unite all Germans - "blood and iron"   Latin American Revolutions Causes: "Enlightenment thinkers - Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Jefferson "American and French Revolutions "Spain and Portugal were fighting Napoleon   Effects: "Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil "L'Overture, Bolivar, San Martin and O'Higgins oNationalism oLiberation movements oIndependence movements   Indian Independence (see Gandhi) ¢Fighting against the imperialist British Empire ¢Religious differences made it difficult to unify (Hindus and Muslims)   Turkey Independence "Kemel Attaturk led the independence movement "Turkish Republic was created in 1923       Agrarian Revolution -Change in land use and improving technology that dramatically increases farm production -Jethro Tull - seed drill -Townshend - crop rotation   Industrial Revolution -economic, social and political change when production of basic necessities become made by a machine -Why Britain? "Natural Resources - coal and iron ore "Available labor "Government support "Capital (money) to invest -Negative Results oChild Labor oLong hours oLow wages oPoor working conditions -Thinkers of the Industrial Age oAdam Smith  - Wealth of Nations ¢Government should keep its hands off business ¢Supported free trade ¢Laissez-faire - "let do" oKarl Marx - The Communist Manifesto ¢Scientific Socialism "Classless society "Class struggle between "the haves" and "the have nots" ("haves" - factory owners "have nots" - workers) ¢Develops into Communism "Anti-communism "Creates a command economy "Communism - government owns all the means of production ¢Communist Countries - The Soviet Union, Cuba, North Korea, China, Eastern Europe Imperialism   Irish Potato Famine "Great Britain wanted to keep Ireland as a producer of raw materials and importer of manufactured goods "Potato Blight - potato crop destroyed the potato crop "Great Hunger of the 1840s - with the destruction of the main food crop in Ireland, many died of hunger "The British refused to allow for more importation of grains and continued to demand their rents. "Eventually Britain changed its policy but not before hundreds of thousands died and many emigrated "British-Irish relations were further destroyed   Japan "Isolated from outside influences (Island Location) "Matthew Perry (U.S.) opened up Japan to outsiders "Meiji Restoration - Japan modernized (westernized) so that they wouldn't be taken over by outsiders "Japan emerges as a world power: oSino-Japanese War - Japan defeated China oRusso-Japanese War - Japan became the first Asian country to defeat a European country (Russia) in war. "Japan begins to imperialize and gain the natural resources it needs to become an industrialized nation Africa "Berlin Conference (1885) - European countries got together to set up rules for claiming land in Africa. (No African countries were present) "Land Grab - European countries begin to stake out their claims to land in Africa  "Leads to disputes between European countries "Liberia and Ethiopia remain independent China "Isolated from the rest of the world oMountains and the Gobi Desert "Silk Road - trade route that exposed the west to Chinese goods - silk, tea, porcelain "Spheres of Influence - European powers "influenced" different parts of Europe oOpium Wars - Great Britain and China ¢War over the sale of the drug opium ¢The British didn't want to lose the money from the sale of the drug. The Chinese were becoming severe addicts. ¢Treaty of Nanking - British win and are allowed more privileges in China oBoxer Rebellion ¢Movement to get the foreigners out of China ¢Inspired nationalism "Sun Yixian - leader of the revolt against foreigners and the Chinese government oFirst president of the Chinese Republic oFounder of modern China oWanted to modernize China to challenge the West   World Wars   World War I Cause: Imperialism, tangled alliances, nationalism and militarism   PATH TO WORLD WAR                                  Sides Russia, France and Great Britain vs. Germany, Austria and the Ottoman Empire   Treaty of Versailles "Ended World War I "Germany was blamed for the war "Germany was required to pay war reparations "League of Nations formed oPurpose - to stop war from happening oWeak and ineffective "Creates the conditions that lead to the rise of the Nazi party in Germany "Weimar Republic - democratic country in Germany oWeak economy make it weak an ineffective   Russian Revolution - the move to communism "V.I. Lenin o"Peace, Land and Bread" "Peace - get out of the W.W. I. "Land - land reform "Bead - improve food supply oInspired by the ideas of Karl Marx oBolsheviks (communists) under Lenin - overthrow the Czar oN.E.P. (New Economic Policy) - Lenin's policy  "Economic reform "Allows capitalism "Stalin  oCreates a totalitarian regime in Soviet Union "totalitarianism - a form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute control over all aspects of life and opposition is outlawed oStalin's Five Year Plans (there were two of them) "   collectivization - system of ownership and control of the means of production and distribution by the people acting as a group oEstablishes a Command Economy or Communism "System of government and economy in which the state plans and controls the economy; in practice, a single, authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress towards a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people "Marxist-Leninist version - over-throw of capitalism  Fascism -Anti- democracy -Uses terror and censorship to establish control -Eliminate all opposition -Private ownership is allowed with government control      "Nazism in Germany oHitler - Mein Kampf "Anti-Semitism - believes the Jews are the cause of Germany's problems "Final Solution  - kills 6 million Jews in concentration camps  "Wants to unite all Germans   World War II Causes: -appeasement - give in to an aggressor to avoid war -imperialism - more developed country takes over a less developed country -militarism - build-up of a country's military -nationalism - absolute pride in one's country Examples: AppeasementImperialismMilitarismNationalism Great Britain and France allow Hitler to invade the Sudetenland of western CzechoslovakiaJapan - invades Manchuria Italy - invades Ethiopia Germany - invades AustriaGermany - built up forces against the Treaty of VersaillesGermany - unite all Germans (reason he invaded Austria and Sudetenland)   Improved weapons:     "blitzkrieg" - lightning war, radar, tanks, sonar, airplanes, submarines, machine guns   United States enters the war when Japan bombs Pearl Harbor   End of World War II Conferences: "Teheran oCreate an international organization to replace the League of Nations "Yalta oGermany divided - East becomes communists, West becomes democratic oCreation of Eastern Europe "Potsdam oDisarmament of Germany oWar crimes trials oGermany will pay reparations to the Soviet Union   Dropping of the Atomic Bomb "Truman makes the decision  "Drop two bombs on military targets  - Hiroshima and Nagasaki "Many civilian casualties "Long-term health damage   The World Since 1945 Cold War "Started with the dropping of the Atomic Bomb "Began an Arms Race between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. "United States - Democracy & Soviet Union - Communists "Called "Cold" - no direct fighting between the two sides "Churchill - "Iron Curtain" - Europe was divided between democratic countries and communist countries   Berlin Blockade - Stalin blocked all supply routes into West Berlin (democratic)   Berlin Airlift - the allies (democratic countries) flew in water, food and medical supplies   Berlin Wall  -separated East and West Berlin -built by the Soviets to stop people from leaving East Berlin   Fall of the Berlin Wall - signals the end of the Cold War   Eastern Bloc - satellite nations -under the control of the Soviet Union -puppet governments -all were communist   Truman Doctrine -Aid Turkey and Greece so they don't fall to the communists -Containment - keep communism where it is and not allow it to spread   N.A.T.O. - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - the alliance of democratic countries   Warsaw Pact - Stalin's response to N.A.T.O - the alliance of communist countries   United Nations -created to replace the failed League of Nations -Security Council - have veto power oU.S., Britain, France, Russia and China -General Assembly -Purpose is social and economic as well as political Democratic-Socialism -Mixed Economy oNationalization of key industries and social welfare programs -Examples - Britain, France, India and Isreal oProblems - high taxes, inflation - forced these countries to move to market economy Command Economy - Communism -Government controls all the means of production -Examples - Eastern Europe before the collapse of the USSR, Cuba, China and North Korea -Dictatorships -Social welfare programs exist -Need for consumer products are not met   European Union (E.U.) -European unity - economically -Free trade between member nations -Central Bank -Common currency - the euro -Move to political union   N.A.F.T.A. - North American Free Trade Agreement - Canada, United States and Mexico   Asia China Chinese Revolution -Nationalists              vs.       Communists Chiang Kai-Shek                  Mao Zedong -Long March - Mao Zedong - proposed land reform - peasants supported him -Nationalists fled to Taiwan - Republic of China -Communists established the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong -Cultural Revolution - eliminate all opposition -Ruled through terror and censorship -Great Leap Forward - economic reforms Deng Xiaoping -violation of human rights -Tiananmen Square Massacre oStudent protesters killed -Four Modernizations oAllowed some free market reforms oAllowed some foreign investments       India  Mohandas Gagdhi -non-violence -civil disobedience -boycotts -passive resistance -Salt March - march to the sea to boycott the British tax on salt Indian Independence - 1947 - British give India independence - they were too weak after W.W. II to hold on to this colony Division of India Hindu - India Muslim - Pakistan Problems - caste system- discrimination against untouchables, battle over Kashmir between India and Pakistan   Korean War - event of the Cold War -North Korea - Communist - Soviet Union -South Korea - democratic - United States -divided after WW II (like Germany) -North invaded South   Vietnam War - event of the Cold War -North Vietnam - Communist -South Vietnam - supported by the U.S. after the French pulled out (containment) -After 10 years - the United States pulled out -Vietnam united as a communist government Cambodia - event of the Cold War -Gained independence from the French -Khmer Rouge comes to power (communists) oLeader Pol Pot oKills 1 - 3 million Cambodians (genocide) oExecuted all opposition Asia and the Pacific Rim -" Asian tigers" - South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan -Economies are strong (capitalist countries) -Produce electronics, cars, clothing etc. Africa South Africa  -colonized by the British -Afrikaners (whites) - 1910 - gained independence oApartheid - "separateness" - legalized segregation -1994 - blacks (always the majority) gained control of the government   Middle East Arab-Israeli Conflict -Israel was established as a state in 1948 -P.L.O. - Palestinian Liberation Organization - wants an independent country for the Palestinian -Conflict is over land - the Occupied Territories -P.L.O. - has used terrorism (Hamas) to try and gain an advantage   Iranian Revolution -Ayatolla Khomeini oIslamic Fundamentalist oAnti-Westerners oWomen's rights are severely limited   Collapse of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev -allowed pro-democratic movement in satellite nations -Warsaw Pact was ended -Glasnost - increase political freedoms -Perestroika - move to a free market system Boris Yeltsin -First president of Russia -Privatized industry   Balkans Yugoslavia -Slobodan Milosevic - Leader oTries to cleanse Kosovo of all Muslims o"Ethnic Cleansing"   Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro -communist dictator in Cuba -created the first and only communist state in the Americas -Cuban Missile Crisis - U.S. and the U.S.S.R.   Ireland Historical background: -taken over by England in the 1500s -maintained their own customs and identity -Reformation - England became Protestant -Ireland remained Catholic -English sent in Protestant settlers into Ireland to maintain control over the island -Protestants settled in the North Present-day problems: Southern Ireland  - the Independent Republic of Ireland - predominantly Catholic Northern Ireland -still allied with Great Britain - predominantly Protestant -1968 fighting broke out between in Northern Ireland  -conflict between Protestants vs. Catholics over the unification of Ireland   Environment Industrialization - pollution - water, air, toxic waste   Desertification -spread of the desert -Africa - the Sahara spreads ever year -Plant shrubs and trees to hold moisture so it won't continue Deforestation -destruction of the Rain Forest (Amazon rain Forest) -"slash and burn" agriculture is depleting the nutrients of the soil   Terrorism terrorism - the use of violence against civilians for political purposes I.R.A. - Irish Republic Army - used terrorism against the British in an attempt to unify Ireland Hamas and the Islamic Jihad - used terrorism against Israel, seeing it as self-defense against what they consider Israeli "terrorism" - the occupation of Palestinian lands Syria, Iran, Iraq and Libya - have helped the Palestinian terrorists and have used terrorism to silence their own opponents Taliban - sheltered internationalist terrorist networks in Afghanistan - al-Qaida - purpose to undermine American power and destroy democracy   Terrorists have used the following tactics Taking hostages - Israeli athletes wre held hostage at the 1972 Olympic games. In 1979 - 1980 , Iran held 52 American hstages for 15 months. Iraq took hostages at the start of the Gulf War, but the released them. Bombing - In 1998, US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed. The IRA has used similar tactics against the British. Some groups put bombs on planes, such as on the ill-fated Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Political Assassinations - Egyptian military extremists who were opposed to President Sadat's peace agreement with Israel assassinated Sadat in 1981. In 1995, an Israeli student who opposed the Mideast process assassinated Prime Minister Rabin. September 11, 2001 - Two planes were flown into the Twin towers - killing 3000 civilians. The hijackers belonged to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida network.