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Global Review Sheets
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A. Language, religion, etc&ldots;. of a society
-Cultural diffusion - spreading of an idea, belief, tradition from one society to another
B. Traditional Societies - most non-Western societies
males are considered superior to females; extended families; arranged marriages; agrarian societies (subsistence farming); little social mobility
C.Types of Governments
1.Monarchy - Rule by a single person (king or queen) usually by heredity; same as a dynasty.
a)Absolute -France before the French Revolution (1789); Spain and Portugal during the colonial period
b)Limited - England after the Magna Carta - British Monarchy shared power with Parliament
2.Democracy - people rule either directly or indirectly - Ex. Ancient Athens, Great Britain, U.S. , Japan, India
-Basic human rights are protected
3.Totalitarian Regimes - Government has total control over the people; basic human rights are NOT protected. Ex. Communist societies (USSR, China, Cuba), Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy. Similar to absolute monarchies.
D.Economies
1.Traditional - people rely on traditions, customs and religious practices for making economic decisions.
Ex. - tribal societies
2.Communism - Means of production and distribution are controlled by the Gov't
Founders: Marx and Engels - People should work for the good of the group or country not the individual. No Private Ownership or Worker Bonuses. All decisions are made by the gov't (Command Economy)
Ex. - USSR under Stalin, China and Cuba
3.Capitalism - means of production and distribution are Privately Owned. All economic decisions are determined by market conditions (buyers and sellers); Free Market Economy
Ex. U.S., Japan, Germany
4.Mixed - combines both private and public ownership. Ex India
B.Terms
1. Nationalism - devotion for one's country; major force in most independence movements.
Nationalistic leaders: Bismarck, Gamdhi, Ho Chi Minh, Yassir Arafat
2. Urbanization - movement from rural to urban areas. Problems Caused: overcrowded cities, high crime, unemployment, pollution. It weakens traditional beliefs; caste system is stronger in villages than in cities.
2.Imperialism / Colonization - one country controls another (Mother Country & colony)
a)Causes: Mother Country wanted raw materials and markets to sell finished products; spread of Christianity
b)Results: positive - increased life expectancy by introducing modern medicine; increased literacy rate; improved transportation and communication
negative - treated native people as inferior; exploited natives by having them work in mines and plantations
3."Third World Nations" - Under-developed nations; countries which have NOT industrialized. Ex. - African Nations, Latin America, Most of Middle East. These countries have a lower standard of living ( lower income, literacy rate and life expectancy)
A.Geography
1.Boarders - Himalaya Mountains, Gobi Desert and the Pacific Ocean
EFFECT: Chinese Isolation resulting in:
A.developed a uniform and independent culture; B. promoted ethnocentrism.
B. Imperial China (2000 BC - 1911 AD)
1.Achievements - paper, compass, printing, silks, porcelain, gunpowder
2.Confucianism - greatest influence on traditional Chinese culture
- basic beliefs: Social order stems from benevolence (kindly acts, generosity)
filial piety (child respect for Parents), respect for superiors & aged
People are NOT equal - male dominance
3.Isolationist policy - ethnocentrism
C. Western Imperialism (19th Century)
1.Spheres of influence - similar to colony
2.Open Door Policy - U.S. policy designed to keep Chinese trade open to all nations
3.Taiping Rebellion & Boxer Rebellion - attempt to rid China of foreign influence
D. 20th Century China
1.Civil War between Nationalists (Kuomintang) and Communists
Nationalist leaders - Sun Tat-sen (Yixian) then Chiang Kai-shek
Communist leader - Mao Zedong
1949 - Communists defeat Nationalists with support of the peasants (promised land reform) PROC - Mainland of China ROC - Taiwan
2.China under Mao Zedong - turned China into a Communist society
"Great Leap Forward" ( five year plan) - economic plan (communes)
Cultural Revolution - Red Guard - attack "counterrevolutionaries"
3.China under Deng Xiaoping (1980s) - allowed greater freedom of thought and introduced some elements of capitalism into the economy.
E. Korean War
1. Korea split up after WW II - North to the Soviet Union (communist) - South to the Allies ( democractic)
2. North Korea invaded South Korea - U.S. helps defend South Korea - Containment
C.Present-day problems
1.Population growth
a)difficult to raise the standard of living
b)Attempted solution - "One Child Policy" - families given incentives to have only one child - free medical care, cash bonuses, housing, jobs
Rural areas - can have a second child if first is a girl
c)Future - Chinese families average 2 children - problem in rural areas
d)1990s - standard of living improved - class differences increased - Urban areas did better - migration form rural to urban - In cities living conditions deteriorated, homelessness increased, crime and corruption multiplied
e)1998 - Economic reform proposed - increase private ownership of businesses
2.U.S. - Chinese Relations
a)1949 - 1972: US refused to recognize PROC - Fought against each other in Korean War (1950 - 1953) First use of UN army
b)1973 - present: Détente - improved relations starting w/ Nixon's visit
c)Debate over "most favored nation" status - gives nation favorable trading terms (low tariffs)
-After Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) many felt "most favored nation" status should be revoked - 800 to 1000 people killed for protesting Deng's conservative reforms - demanded greater freedom for students and workers
-Others argued this would only hurt the people and not the government
d)1999 - breaks off relations with the US after bombing of Embassy in Yugoslavia. Talks over human rights and arms control stopped - Large protests in China.
3.Hong Kong
a) - Opium War (1839-1841) - British won -
-Treaty of Nanking (1842) - British get Hong Kong and open ports for trade
b)1997 - changed hands from Britain to Chinese rule
c)Future - China agreed to allow self-government for 50 years 1 million people tried to leave in 1997 only 350,000 passports issued by Britain
"Capitalistic city existing in a communist society
"Was a link between China and the outside world
4. North Korea
a) have acquired nuclear weapons
b) threaten to destabilize the area
A.Geography
1.Lacks natural resources for a modern, industrial society
EFFECT: Japan sought raw materials - 1st by force, but since WWII - peaceful trading
1930s-40s - Invaded China, Korea, and Southest Asia - Attacked Pearl Harbor
Today - enjoys trading surplus (exports exceeds imports) - purchases raw materials w/$
B.Meiji Restoration (19th Century) transformation from feudal society to constitutional state
1.political change - Emperor (Meiji) restored to power; shogun removed
2.economic change - Japan industrialized; borrowed technology from West
3.military change - Western-style army and navy
C.Changes in Japan after WW II
1.Political - established parliamentary-democracy - Emperor - symbolic leader
Diet holds real power
2.Economic - help from US - rebuilt industrial base
3.Military - only small "self-defense" force
D.Japan - Economic super-power
1.US aid to prevent the spread of communism
2.Well-educated and highly skilled work force
3.Produce high quality products
4.Gov't provides loans, tax breaks to assist businesses
5.Low defense costs - Gov't able to assist business
6.Most Japanese heavily invest in research and development
E.Present day Problems
1.Japanese-American Trade Imbalance
a)Problem - Japan has sold more goods to the US than Americans have sold to Japan. Wealth is leaving the US
b)Possible solutions - American Gov't provide more assistance to business
-US should not subsidize Japan's defense
-US invest more in education
-Pressure Japan to open its markets to American products (use tariffs as a threat)
c)1990s recession in Japan's overvalued real estate and stock markets affected the world economy. Companies gave up lifetime employment policies and downsized.
South Asia - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (area south of Himilaya mountains)
Southeast Asia - Vietnam, Kampuchea (Cambodia), Laos, Philippines
A.Geography
1.Himilaya mountains (South Asia)
RESULTS: separated the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia allowing both sides to develop their own separate language, customs and culture - little cultural diffusion
2.Resources - spices, teas, oil, wood (Southeast Asia)
RESULTS Europeans sought raw materials and markets for finished products. Much of this area was colonized by the Europeans
B.India under British Rule
1.Causes - mercantilism
2.Results - a) established a single system of law and gov't which was eventually adopted by India after independence (democracy)
b) Indian workers were exploited and treated as inferior
3.Independence
a)Indian National Congress
b)Mohandas Gandhi - Non-Violent Resistance - fast, boycotts, work stoppages, civil disobedience (Salt march , 1930) opposed the caste system
c)England removed India was divided
India - Hindus Pakistan - Muslims
C.India Today
1.political - democracy - history of political assassinations
2.economy - mixed economy (blends capitalism and socialism)
3.social - changes in caste system; urban Vs rural, 1990s - gov't wanted to increase jobs for "untouchables" - met with strong opposition and plan dropped - 1947 Constitution forbids discrimination
4.religion - Hinduism: reincarnation, polytheistic, karma, dharma, caste system
D.Present day problems
1.Population growth (India)
a)difficult to raise the standard of living
b)attempted solutions - gov't incentives to have only 2 children
c)future - over 1 billion by the year 2000
2. Cultural diversity within India
a)Causes - religious and ethnic differences (Hindu, Muslim and Sikhs)
Sikhism - monotheistic religion combining Hinduism and Muslim practices
b) Results - political assassinations (Indira Gandhi - Indian Prime Minister)
India and Pakistan continue to fight over Kashmir
b)1998 - India and Pakistan exploded nuclear devices - showed the world they possessed nuclear weapons - seen as a threat to world peace by the world
3. Vietnam and Cambodia (Kampuchea)
a)French-Indochina War - Indo-China gained independence
b)American War in Vietnam (1964 - 1973) - "Falling Dominoes " theory - if one nation fell to communism then others would follow - Containment policy
1.North Vietnam - communist - South Vietnam - democractic
2.U. S. pulls out of the war - South falls to the communists
c)Problems in Cambodia - genocide committed by the Chinese backed Khmer Rouge (communists) Pol Pot seized power
V. Sub-Saharan Africa (areas south of the Sahara Desert)
A.Geography
1.Sahara Desert difficult to travel up rivers, lacks natural harbors, dense rain forest
RESULTS: Sub-Sahara Africa had been isolated from Europe and Asia (+ & -)
2.Rich in mineral resources (diamonds, gold, cobalt, copper, uranium)
RESULTS: Attracted Europeans in the 19th Century - colonization of Africa
B.Slave Trade (1500 - 1800)
1.Role of both African tribes and European/American slave traders
2.Results: a) destroyed much of Africa's culture
b)increased cultural diffusion b/w Africa and N & S America
C.European Colonization (1870 - 1945)
1.Causes: a) raw materials & markets to sell manufactured goods
b)Extreme Nationalism - European nations competed to show which nation was superior
c)"White Man's Burden" - duty & obligation of Europeans to raise inferior cultures. Example: introduced Christianity
2.Results: (+ & -)
a)Europeans brought modern medicine and improved nutrition to Africa
b)Division of Africa has led to tribal fighting today
3.Independence: a) nationalism b) WW II c) type of imperialist control
D.Present day problems
1.Apartheid - official policy of racial segregation practiced until 1990 in South Africa
2.African National Congress (ANC), Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu & F.W. DeKlerk
3.Tribalism vs. Nationalism
4.Famine a) causes - population increase - food production decrease; civil wars
b) attempted solutions: population control; modern farming technology; end wars
c)Ethiopia and Somalia (US troops sent in to end fighting b/w War Lords)
5.Continued ties to former colonial powers
6.AIDS is a huge problem - lack of medicine and money make treating the epidemic very difficult
A.Geography
1.Nile River in Egypt
EFFECT: used for irrigation of crops with yearly flooding
Used for transportation & communication which enabled Menes to unite Upper & Lower Egypt
2.Nations near Persian Gulf have large oil reserves (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran & Iraq)
EFFECT:
a) brought wealth to the region and raised the standard of living
c)vital interest to industrialized nations which led to U.N. forces liberating Kuwait from Iraq
B.Achievements
1.Egypt - pyramids, mathematics, artwork, hieroglyphics
2.Phoenicians - 1st to develop phonetic alphabet (used by western nations today)
3.Hebrews - 1st to develop monotheistic religion
4.Mesopotamia - developed the 1st written legal code (Code of Hammurabi)
C.Islam
1.Basic beliefs - monotheistic (Allah), Koran, Mecca, Ramada, Five Pillars
2.Spread of Islam - role of Mohammed in the 7th Century
3.Golden Age (9th to 14th century)
a)preserved Greek & Roman knowledge during the Middle Ages in Europe
b)Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals
c)Advances in medicine & mathematics
D.Present Day Problems
1. Arab-Israeli Conflict (1948 - present)
Suez Canal Crisis 1956President Nassar of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and denied Israel accessEngland, France and Israel attacked Egypt, UN arranged a truce and sent peacekeepers
Six Day War 1967Egypt demanded withdrawal of UN peacekeepers, terrorist attacks on Israel - Israel won control of and occupied West Bank, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and all of Jerusalem
"occupied territories"
Yom Kippur War 1973Young Palestinians protested Israeli troops in Gaza and Golan - US aided Israel - USSR aided SyriaUN arranged a cease fire
Intifada - 1987Young Palestinians protested Israeli rule of occupied areas with attacks on troops and selected targetsIsraeli retaliated by arrests, imprisonment, destruction of homes of Arabs involved, and closure of access to Israel controlled areas to Arab employees
Suicide Bombings Palestinian suicide bombers are blowing themselves up to destroy and kill Israelis. Theses terrorist attacks are linked to the Arab terrorist organization called Hamas.
a) original dispute - Israel created out of Palestine
b) 1978 - Camp David Accords - President Carter, Sadat (Egypt) and Begin (Israel) reached a peace settlement; Egypt regained control of Sinai Peninsula (Land for Peace) - * discussion on self-rule for Palestine
c) role of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Yassir Arafat
d)1993 - Declaration of Principles for Palestinian Self-Rule -Prime minister Begin and Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat agreed to give Palestinians in Gaza and Jericho self-rule in 1994; extended to include West Bank in 1995 by Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin
e)1996 - Peace process slowed - Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu opposed the agreements made by assassinated predecessor Yitzhak Rabin - as terrorist attacks increase , support for his position among Israelites does also
3.Iranian Revolution (1979)
a)Causes - Islamic Fundamentalism (rejection of Western culture & return to basic "fundamental" Islamic beliefs; human rights violations
b)Shah of Iran (modernize) vs. Ayatollah Khomeini
c)American Hostages ( Anti - west policies)
4.Importance of oil to Western nations
a)OPEC - regulates oil production; 1970 raised oil prices
b)Impact on Western economies - 1970s high inflation
c)Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (1990)
Desert Shield ; Desert Storm; Result: example of UN action (Persian Gulf War)
5. War on terror (response to the terrorist bombings on 9/11
a)Afghanistan
Coalition forces went in to remove the Taliban (known as a puppet regime for the terrorist organization called Al-Quida)
b)Iraqi Freedom (2003)
Remove Hussein from power
Part of the war on terrorism
VII Latin America (Mexico, Central America, South America & Caribbean Islands)
A.Geography
1.Andes Mountains , dense rain forests and deserts
RESULTS: hindered transportation & communication creating separate local cultures
2.Resources - petroleum, natural gas, iron, tin, copper and silver
Agricultural products - coffee, bananas, sugar cane and livestock - most of national income
B.Achievements of Pre-Columbian civilizations
1.Maya - science, astronomy, math architecture
2.Aztec - strong centralized gov't, built pyramids near Mexico City
3.Inca - strong Centralized gov't , engineering, architecture (road system rivaled Romans)
C.European Colonization (1500 - 1800)
1.Causes: a) Mercantilism - colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; colonies export raw materials - import finished product - result: trade surplus for European nations (increased gold and silver reserves)
2.Results (+ & -)
a)cultural diffusion
b)destroyed native cultures
3.Independence (from Spanish & Portuguese rule)
a)American & French Revolutions acted as inspiration
b)Role of Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martin
D.Role of the Catholic Church
1.Church leaders, military, and large land holders have traditionally held the power
2.Priest ought against human rights abuses, social injustice and conditions of the poor
E.Present-day Problems
1.US - Latin America relations - America seen as the "Colossus from the north"
Ex. of US intervention: Monroe Doctrine, construction of the Panama Canal, Panamanian Invasion (Manuel Noriega)
2.Communism
a)Causes - unequal distribution of wealth & lack of political participation
b)Cuba - Castro overthrows Batista
c)Nicaragua - Contras vs. Sandanistas
3.Deforestation (destruction of Brazilian rain Forest)
a)clear lands to increase agricultural production
b)Global Issue - provides much of the world's oxygen
c)Possible solution - more efficient farming methods; treat the plants and trees as a cask crop (replanting program)
4.International Debt
a)Problem - nations borrowed heavily in the 1980s & were unable to repay the loans causing high inflation and lower standard of living
b) possible solution - restructure the loans (only pay a % of the original loan)
A.Geography
1.Ancient Greece - rugged, mountainous
Effect - population was cut off from one another - made it impossible to unite Greece under a single ruler; therefore, independent city-states developed with each having its own from of gov't
Ex. Athens (democracy) vs Sparta (totalitarian - military state)
2.Great Britain - island separated from continent of Europe by the English Channel
Effect - protected the British from invasions Ex. Napoleon and Hitler
B.Lasting achievements from the Ancient Period
1.Athenians
A-developed first democracy
B-developed philosophic or questioning spirit (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
C-advances in architecture (Parthenon), art, science, mathematics (Pythagorean theorem)
2. Aleaxander the Great - Through his many conquests he created a new culture (Hellenism) by blending Greek + Persian + Indian + Egyptian Cultures = Hellenistic Culture
**CULTURAL DIFFUSION**
3.Romans
A.developed a republic (representative government)
B.Roman law greatly influenced Western legal systems
-all citizens were equal, innocent until proven guilty, guilt/innocence based on facts.
C.Causes for the fall of the Roman Empire (underlying & immediate)
D.Effects of the Fall of the Roman Empire
C.Middle Ages (Starts with the Fall of the Roman Empire)
1.Feudalism
A.why did it develop? Lacked strong central government - peasants needed protection from invasions - ran to nobles
B.Economic - manorial system: self-sufficient, little trading
C.Social - lord-serf relationship; no social mobility
D.Political - decentralized gov't ; local lords had the power; land exchange for loyalty
E.Military - only nobles could fight (knights); followed a Code of Chivalry
2.Church - most powerful institution during the Middle Ages
A.Church Powers - collected taxes (tithe), excommunicated enemies, large landowners in Europe
B.Crusades - example of Church power
-wanted to conquer the Holy Land (Middle East)
-Brought about the end of Feudalism
-Exposed people to new people and ideas **Cultural Diffusion**
C.Struggle for power between the Church and State; lords resented the power of the Church
D.Provide unity in Europe (until the Reformation)
D. Modern Age
1.Renaissance - "rebirth" in learning and rediscovery of Greek and Roman culture
A.led to renewed spirit of questioning
B.achievement in art, literature, science ( daVinci, Shakespeare, Copernicus, Gutenberg)
C.Humanism, Classicism, Secularism
2.Reformation
A.Causes - religious and secular (political)
B.Role of Martin Luther and Henry VIII
C.Results: religious unity ended, led to wars between Catholics and Protestants
3.Enlightenment
A.John Locke - English political philosopher. Basic ideas: purpose of gov't is to protect peoples' basic rights (life, liberty & property); gov't derives its powers from the people; rejects Divine Right Theory
B.Enlightenment ideas influenced American and French Revolutions
4.French Revolution (1789)
A.Causes: Political - autocratic gov't (Louis XVI)
Social - divided into 3 Estates
1st Estate - Clergy - paid no taxes
2nd Estate - Nobles - paid no taxes
3rd Estate - Everyone else (bourgeouise)
Economic - majority of the taxes fell on the poorest
B.Results
Moderate - Declaration of the Rights of Man, Constitutioanl Monarchy, corrected tax injustices
Radical - "Reign of Terror" counter-revolutionaries be-headed (ex. King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinet)
C.Rise of Napoleon - brought stability to France, spread revolutionary ideas to other nations in Europe
5.Industrial Revolution
A.changes within Europe (positives and negatives)
B.influence on other regions (imperialism)
C.reform to correct abuses - rise of labor unions
6.Emergence of Communism - Karl Marx
A.Response to the abuses of the industrial Revolution
B.Class Struggle - Haves and the Have Nots
C.Exploitation of the workers (proletariat)
D.Revolution to create classless society
7.Unification of Germany
A.nationalism
B.role of Otto von Bismarck - "Blood and iron" - Speech
C.results
D.20th Century
1.WW I
A.Causes: Nationalism , Imperialsim, Militarism, Alliance System,
Spark - Assassination of ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
B.Results: Treaty of Versailles - League of Nations
2.Rise of Totalitarian States
A.Communist Soviet Union (Lenin/Stalin)
B.Fascist Italy (Mussolini)
C.Nazi Germany (Italy)
3.WW II
A.Causes: Economic problems, revenge, appeasement
B.Holocaust - Nuremberg Laws, Nuremberg Trials
C.Results: decline of colonial powers, start of the Cold War, United Nations
4. Cold War (1945 - 1989) US vs USSR
A.Containment Policy
B.Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan
C.Nato vs Warsaw
D.End of Cold War - Gorbachev, Yeltsin
E. Present Day Problems
1.Reunification of Germany
A.Germany was divided after WW II
B.Reunification - Fall of the Berlin Wall
2.The Irish Question
a.Sinn Fein - nationalistic party - push British to give Ireland its independence
b.1922 - Republic of Ireland gains its independence
1.Northern Ireland remains part of Britain
Majority are Protestants - Minority are Catholic
2.R of I wants a unified Ireland - use peaceful protests and terrorism
3.IRA (Irish Republican Army) - supported by Sinn Fein - Catholics who want British out of Ireland
4.Peace talks are continuing to take place
3.European Economic Community
A.After WW II - European countries prospered because of cooperation
B.European Coal and Steel Community - regulate the coal and steel industry
C.The Common Market - (European Community [EC] ) - expanded free trade by ending tariffs and allowed capital to move freely across boaders
D.EUROPEAN UNION - (EU) - group expanded further after the fall of the Soviet Union - Countries in Eastern Europe began to join - introduced a common currency - the euro
4.The Balkans
A.Yugoslavia - created after WW I - had many nationalities - the majority:
-Serbs - Orthodox Christians
-Croats - Roman Catholic
-Albanians - many were Muslim
B.The Fall of Communism led to the break-up of Yugoslavia - didn't occur peacefully
1.Bosnia and Herzegovina - Serbs tried to move non-Serbs by force
-many Bosnians became refugees
-others where brutalized or killed - ethnic cleansing
2.Slobodan Milosevic - a Serb - tried to prevent non-Serbs from breaking away from Yuogoslavia
-1990s - sent Yugoslav troops against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo
-They were demanding self-rule
-The Serbs - ethnic cleansing against Muslim Kosovars
-Many refugees fled to neighboring countries
-1999 - NATO - started a military campaign against Yugoslavia